кислотно-основные индикаторы проявляют свойства / Индикаторы в нашей жизни - презентация онлайн

Кислотно-основные Индикаторы Проявляют Свойства

кислотно-основные индикаторы проявляют свойства

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; PH

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;» &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH» &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH.

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; pH, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) H 3 O + &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; .

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH. &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;), &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; XVII - &#;&#;  &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, ( Observations sur les eaux &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;.  25 ). &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; Cours de Chymie ( ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: .

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; K 2 CO 3 . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; pH . &#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH.

XIX - &#;&#;  &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; Luck ( &#;.), &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (). &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;. &#;.).

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , BBT ( 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;≈ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,0–1,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,0–1,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1,2–2,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (BBP) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,0–4,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;3,,2 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
Helianthine &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 4,,3 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , BBT (  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 9,,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,1–12,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,0–12,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,2 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; p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

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1: pH 13; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2: pH 11; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3: pH 10; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 4: pH 6: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5: pH 2.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 4- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 5 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 6 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 13,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH:

  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#; &#; &#;. &#;.);
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; …).

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

  • &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; [11].

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

PH (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; H + &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; H + &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; 1 &#;&#; 1), &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; H 3 O + (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ([H 3 O + ] <1 M &#; [HO -&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {pH} = - \ log \ left (a _ {\ mathrm {H} ^ {+}} \ right) = - \ log \ left [{\ rm {H_ {3} O ^ {+ }}} \ right]}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; 0 &#;&#; 14, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle {\ rm {pH_ {min} = - \ log 1 = 0 \ qquad and \ qquad pH_ {max} = - \ log 10 ^ {- 14} = 14}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. .

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; BBT.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; pH. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i .

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;.&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; / &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; InH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; In - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle {\ rm {InH \ rightleftharpoons In ^ {-} + H ^ {+}}}}
&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
{\ displaystyle K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] \ left [H_ {3} O ^ {+} \ right]} {\ left [InH \ right]}}}}
&#;&#;&#; [X] - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; X &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; · &#;

&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; K i  : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . {\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = - \ log K _ {\ text {i}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; A (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ε λ, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; λ (&#; &#;&#; -1 · &#; · &#;&#;&#;&#; -1 );
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; l &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; &#;&#;);
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; · &#; -1 ):
    {\ displaystyle A = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda} \ cdot l \ cdot c}

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {1}}}}

Φ 0 &#; Φ 1 - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ε λ (1) &#; ε λ (2) &#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; c 1 &#; c 2 , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A _ {\ rm {InH}} = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {1}}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot l \ cdot c_ {1}}
{\ displaystyle A _ {\ rm {In ^ {-}}} = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {2}}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {2} } \ cdot l \ cdot c_ {2}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = A _ {\ rm {InH}} + A _ {\ rm {In ^ {-}}} = \ left (\ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot c_ {1} + \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot c_ {2} \ right) \ cdot l}
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; BBT.

&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; p K i .

  • {\ displaystyle c = \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • {\ displaystyle A _ {\ mathrm {InH} \ mathrm {}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {\ mathrm {(InH)} \ mathrm {}}} \ cdot l \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {InH } \ mathrm {} \ right] \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {\ mathrm {(InH)} \ mathrm {}}} \ cdot l \ cdot c} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • {\ displaystyle A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {(\ mathrm {In} ^ {-})}} \ cdot l \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In } ^ {-} \ right] \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {(\ mathrm {In} ^ {-})}} \ cdot l \ cdot c} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} + A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} = {\ frac {A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm { InH} \ right]} {c}} + {\ frac {A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]} {c}} }

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: {\ displaystyle A \ cdot c = A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]}{\ displaystyle c = \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]}

{\ displaystyle \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] \ cdot (A-A _ {\ mathrm {InH}}) = \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right] \ cdot (A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} - A)}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#; InH / In -  :

{\ displaystyle K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] _ {buffer} \ left [H_ {3} O ^ {+} \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}} {\ left [InH \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}}}}}
&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ mathrm {pH_ {buffer}} - \ log {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] _ { &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}} {\ left [InH \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}}}}}}
{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = \ mathrm {pH_ {buffer}} - \ log {\ frac {AA _ {\ mathrm {InH}}} {A _ {\ mathrm { &#;} ^ {-}} - A}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; σ &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π , n &#;&#;&#; p). &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; n &#; π * &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;):

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
λ max (&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C = C π → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C = O π → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C 6 H 5&#; → π *
π → π *
-
&#;&#;&#; N = N &#; → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; N = O &#; → π *

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; –OH, –OCH 3 , –NH 2 , –Cl, –N (CH 3 ) 2 , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;-&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R-CO-OR '&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 " &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; .

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R-SO 2 -OR «, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ,  &#; &#;.&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;  » (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;» &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH).

&#;&#;&#; \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 " 2 3 4 5 2 ' 3 ' 4 ' 5 '
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; CO 2 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; CO 2 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;NMe 2&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;NMe 2&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; PH

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;» &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH» &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH.

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; pH, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) H 3 O + &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; .

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH. &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;), &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; XVII - &#;&#;  &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, ( Observations sur les eaux &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;.  25 ). &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; Cours de Chymie ( ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: .

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; K 2 CO 3 . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; pH . &#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH.

XIX - &#;&#;  &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; Luck ( &#;.), &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (). &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;. &#;.).

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , BBT ( 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;≈ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,0–1,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,0–1,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1,2–2,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (BBP) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,0–4,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;3,,2 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
Helianthine &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 4,,3 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , BBT (  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7,,8 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 9,,6 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,1–12,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,0–12,4 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,2 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; p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

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1: pH 13; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2: pH 11; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3: pH 10; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 4: pH 6: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5: pH 2.
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 0,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 1,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 1 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 5,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 6,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 4- &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 8,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 5 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 10,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 2 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 6 - &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 11,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 3 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; -  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7 &#; ) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 12,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - 3 &#;  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 13,,0 &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH:

  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#; &#; &#;. &#;.);
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ( &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; …).

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

  • &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; [11].

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

PH (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; H + &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; H + &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; 1 &#;&#; 1), &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; H 3 O + (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ([H 3 O + ] <1 M &#; [HO -&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {pH} = - \ log \ left (a _ {\ mathrm {H} ^ {+}} \ right) = - \ log \ left [{\ rm {H_ {3} O ^ {+ }}} \ right]}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; 0 &#;&#; 14, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle {\ rm {pH_ {min} = - \ log 1 = 0 \ qquad and \ qquad pH_ {max} = - \ log 10 ^ {- 14} = 14}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 7. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. .

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; BBT.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; pH. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i .

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;.&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; / &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;). &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; InH &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; In - &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle {\ rm {InH \ rightleftharpoons In ^ {-} + H ^ {+}}}}
&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
{\ displaystyle K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] \ left [H_ {3} O ^ {+} \ right]} {\ left [InH \ right]}}}}
&#;&#;&#; [X] - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; X &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; · &#;

&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; K i  : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i, &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . {\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = - \ log K _ {\ text {i}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; A (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ε λ, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; λ (&#; &#;&#; -1 · &#; · &#;&#;&#;&#; -1 );
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; l &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; &#;&#;);
  • &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; · &#; -1 ):
    {\ displaystyle A = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda} \ cdot l \ cdot c}

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {1}}}}

Φ 0 &#; Φ 1 - &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ε λ (1) &#; ε λ (2) &#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; c 1 &#; c 2 , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A _ {\ rm {InH}} = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {1}}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot l \ cdot c_ {1}}
{\ displaystyle A _ {\ rm {In ^ {-}}} = \ log {\ frac {\ Phi _ {0}} {\ Phi _ {2}}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {2} } \ cdot l \ cdot c_ {2}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = A _ {\ rm {InH}} + A _ {\ rm {In ^ {-}}} = \ left (\ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot c_ {1} + \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {1}} \ cdot c_ {2} \ right) \ cdot l}
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; BBT.

&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; pH, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; p K i .

  • {\ displaystyle c = \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • {\ displaystyle A _ {\ mathrm {InH} \ mathrm {}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {\ mathrm {(InH)} \ mathrm {}}} \ cdot l \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {InH } \ mathrm {} \ right] \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {\ mathrm {(InH)} \ mathrm {}}} \ cdot l \ cdot c} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;;
  • {\ displaystyle A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} = \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {(\ mathrm {In} ^ {-})}} \ cdot l \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In } ^ {-} \ right] \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; \ epsilon _ {\ lambda _ {(\ mathrm {In} ^ {-})}} \ cdot l \ cdot c} : &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

{\ displaystyle A = A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} + A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} = {\ frac {A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm { InH} \ right]} {c}} + {\ frac {A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]} {c}} }

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: {\ displaystyle A \ cdot c = A _ {\ mathrm {InH}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} \ cdot \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]}{\ displaystyle c = \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] + \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right]}

{\ displaystyle \ left [\ mathrm {InH} \ right] \ cdot (A-A _ {\ mathrm {InH}}) = \ left [\ mathrm {In} ^ {-} \ right] \ cdot (A _ {\ mathrm {In} ^ {-}} - A)}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; p K i &#;&#;&#;&#; InH / In -  :

{\ displaystyle K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] _ {buffer} \ left [H_ {3} O ^ {+} \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}} {\ left [InH \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}}}}}
&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = {\ rm {\ mathrm {pH_ {buffer}} - \ log {\ frac {\ left [In ^ {-} \ right] _ { &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}} {\ left [InH \ right] _ {&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;}}}}}}
{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {p} K _ {\ text {i}} = \ mathrm {pH_ {buffer}} - \ log {\ frac {AA _ {\ mathrm {InH}}} {A _ {\ mathrm { &#;} ^ {-}} - A}}}

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;:

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; σ &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π , n &#;&#;&#; p). &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π- &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; n &#; π * &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;) &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; (&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;):

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
λ max (&#;&#;)
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C = C π → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C = O π → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; C 6 H 5&#; → π *
π → π *
-
&#;&#;&#; N = N &#; → π *
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; N = O &#; → π *

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; –OH, –OCH 3 , –NH 2 , –Cl, –N (CH 3 ) 2 , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;: &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; π-&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; - &#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;-&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; , &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; . &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;.

&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R-CO-OR '&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 " &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; .

&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; R-SO 2 -OR «, &#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; ,  &#; &#;.&#;. &#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;, &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «  &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;  » (&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; «&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;» &#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; pH).

&#;&#;&#; \ &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; 2 " 2 3 4 5 2 ' 3 ' 4 ' 5 '
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br&#;&#;&#;Br&#;&#;Br
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; SO 3 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; CO 2 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; CO 2 -&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;
&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#; &#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;NMe 2&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;&#;NMe 2&#;&#;&#;

nest...

12096 12097 12098 12099 12100

аналитика форекс gbp кaртa мирa форекс вспомогательные индикаторы форекс как платят налоги трейдеры валютного рынка форекс лучшие индикаторы для входа индикаторы измерения температуры щитовые дмитрий котенко форекс клипaрт для форекс имхо на форексе дц форекс брокер отзывы безрисковая комбинация форекс индикаторы рынка ферросплавов